MONEY LAUNDERER by Kenneth Rijock
When I was a compliance consultant, the new accounts staff at times seemed to be as committed to deceiving me into accepting unsuitable new customers, as I was in rejecting them. Was I just being paranoid, or were they really looking to fool me? I cannot say, because just when I wanted drop a claim of obstruction on one, he would come through with all the documents I had originally requested. Zealous sales practices I can tolerate, but when New Accounts/Sales tries to finesse the truth, I draw the line. The usual methods involve the use of business entities; if one is not careful, unwanted officers, directors, and even shareholders can make it past the gateway. You do not want to hear, two years later, that a law enforcement subpoena was served upon your company, naming an individual who is a client, or that you violated OFAC sanctions, or that documents were seized from an individual who has a minor relationship with your firm, following his arrest for major crimes. Catch them at the portal, please. Shall we return to business organisations, then?
- Do you actually have a certified copy of the Articles of Incorporation, with the raised (or embossed or coloured) seal? Please, do not take that abomination called a copy certified by a lawyer or other licensed professional! How do you know that the client did not perform major surgery/document alternation/outright forgery on it? Many jurisdictions allow you to see the original on the local equivalent of the Companies House website. As a last resort, what's wrong with actually obtaining it yourself, from the governmental body that issued it?
- A Certificate of Incumbency, which lists officers and directors, could be easily amended to include shareholders, and perhaps the client's onshore law firm partner might be the best person to sign it. After all, he does have a professional license to preserve and protect, and why not enlist him as a part of your due diligence effort. It should also include their residential addresses, and not the company's mailing address, please.
- The Stock Registry and share certificates; are they worth anything, knowing how easily they can be created to mislead you? I used to demand both the front and back of the issued certificates, and check that information against the shareholder register. What's to stop the front man from transferring ownership the next morning? Only a written undertaking, executed by the client in the presence of a Notary Public, admitting that he has an affirmative duty to report all transfers of ownership, including encumbrances, to you in writing, via registered mail.
- What is the appropriate floor for requiring due diligence on minority shareholders? I would say, based upon my experience, no higher than five (5) per cent. Most criminals cannot find more than 20 straw men to act on their behalf, and it would not only be costly to them, it would expose them unnecessarily to risk of exposure. The odds of one in 25 small-time criminals being arrested for something or other are high. They then might cooperate for a reduced sentence; it happens all the time.
- Go to the local secretary of state (or equivalent) website, and look back several years, at the original incorporators and officers & directors. Run those names on World-Check. Often, owners who have problems with the law withdraw from active roles, in favour of cleaner associates. Old, bad names in the woodpile are a red flag of the highest order.
- A civil litigation check should also round out any new client due diligence on a corporate entity. You might find something in there other than the usual collection suits or contract disputes. Any fraud actions, or suits by banks against your new client? I always also look at PACER, the Federal Court database. If the client is in a regulated industry, check out whether state, local or federal regulators have fined or penalised the company in any way, irrespective of any admission of liability.
Next week: Other entities.
The facts and opinions stated in this article are those of the author and not those of World-Check. World-Check does not warrant the accuracy of any facts and opinions stated in this article, does not endorse them, and accepts no responsibility for them.
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